Packet Size Optimization Techniques and Challenges for Wireless Body Area Networks-Juniper Publishers
Juniper Publishers-Open Access Journal of Engineering Technology
Abstract
In WBANs, longer packets may encounter higher
misfortune rates because of unforgiving channel conditions. Then again,
shorter packets may experience the ill effects of more prominent
overhead. Thus, the ideal packet size must be selected to different
execution measurements of WBANs. According to the latest research,
numerous methodologies have been suggested to decide ideal packet size
in WBANs. Literature discussed in this paper primarily focuses on packet
size optimization in a particular application or sending condition.
This paper discusses the current trends and practices on packet size
optimization for wireless body area networks to encourage the
researchers for more investigation in that particular area. The
objective of this paper is to give a superior comprehension of packet
size streamlining methodologies and applications utilized in WBAN, it
will likewise present some research issues that are still open for
researchers and complications related to those issues.
Keywords: Energy proficiency; Network reliability; Cross‐layer design; Packet size optimization; Wireless body area networkAbbreviations: WBANs: Wireless Body Area Networks; WUSNs: Wireless Underground Sensor Networks; TWSNs: Terrestrial WSNs; UWSNs: Underwater WSNs; BANs: Body Area Networks; QoS: Quality of Service; ARQ: Automatic Repeat Query; FEC: Forward Error Correction; BCH: Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem
Introduction
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are being used in
numerous application extents, for example, armed forces, business,
astronomical, graphic observation, horticulture, logistics and many more
[1-3]. WBAN comprise of various sensors implanted on the body and sent
to detect useful parameters in a field [4]. Those sensors are dependable
from getting estimations on body on which they are implanted and
passing on the information towards the sink hub that gathers, filters
and aggregated data is sent to the central server for further processing
on the data. As the nodes have restricted power supply, each part of
WBAN ought to be composed with most extreme care to scatter the
constrained vitality to augment the system lifespan [5,6]. Generally,
wireless sensor networks have been classified in four wide classes as
per the sending situations: Wireless Underground Sensor Networks
(WUSNs), Terrestrial WSNs (TWSNs), Underwater WSNs (UWSNs), and Body
Area Networks (BANs). Every one of the classifications has its unique
and interesting attributes because of the kind of condition that is
utilized for information transmission and has extra difficulties due to
their questionable and variable divert qualities in various
proliferation situations.
In the literature discussed in this paper, packet
size optimization concentrates on a particular application area or
surroundings in which it is deployed. The fundamental attributes of BANs
are energy proficiency, Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning, flexibil
ity and scalability [7]. These features are discussed in literature
with several methodologies in their specific area of application. The
vast majority of research is done to lessen power consumption and to
alleviate the critical network conditions to encounter the prerequisites
of BAN application areas that have specific nature of administration
necessities, for example, throughput, vitality efficacy and delay.
Prerequisites for BAN area in which they are deployed is not quite the
same as each other, since a portion of the BAN applications require high
vitality effectiveness, for example, military observation frameworks,
while on the other hand application areas like health care and disaster
management, require low inertness. In this way, packet size optimization
methods need to fulfill the criteria of these BAN applications.
WBANs have significant difficulties in communication,
information processing and administration. These difficulties are the
tight asset limitations, flexible system design, powerfully evolving
data transfer capacity, range, and computational power capabilities [8].
Power utilization is the most troublesome asset requirement to be
fulfilled for BANs among the difficulties mentioned earlier.
Subsequently, numerous energy‐aware procedures are intended for giving
force to preserve and manage the power on both link layer and network
layer. Despite the fact that energy is devoured by means of the sensors
while detecting, communication, and transmitting the information on the
way to the sink, correspondence control utilization is the predominant
term in BANs [8]. Latest investigations in the area demonstrate
that bundle of measures directly affects the execution of
correspondence between sensor nodes. It is notable that due to
severe network disorders longer packets observe higher data loss,
whereas packets with shorter size basis greater data overhead.
To regulate the trade‐off between network dependability and
vitality proficiency, numerous methodologies are anticipated to
decide the ideal packet measure in BANs. Figure 1 presents a run
of the mill link‐layer bundle arrange in sensor networks [9]. Packet
format has three basic parts (i.e. trailer, header and payload). The
header contains information related to current section number;
adds number of fragments and source along with destination
nodes. Trailer field includes parity bits to control the error. Payload
incorporates data bits. Length of Header, Trailer, and Payload are
represented as LH, LT, and LPL respectively (Figure 1).
Packet size can be improved agreeing to several networking
criteria’s [10-21]. Several measurements for example, output
proficiency and the vitality effectiveness, are utilized for execution
criteria for optimization of packet size. For example, energy
productivity is utilized as an optimization metric [10] to decide the
settled ideal packet length for expanding the energy proficiency.
The fundamental target of the research is to give a superior
comprehension of packet size optimization methodologies
utilized in WBAN to present unaddressed issues and difficulties
in this research area.
Literature Review
BANs are implanted inside the body of humans or located
outside the body to collect useful parameters of the body. A large
portion of the BAN uses are identified with medicinal services for
nonstop observing of patients who have interminable maladies.
There are likewise different applications where BANs are generally
utilized, for example, crisis reaction, disaster management, and
execution assessment of the athletes [10-13]. Besides, sensor
nodes utilized in BANs have additionally unique operational
attributes and network qualities for in and on body situations
[14]. Human developments and dynamic proliferation conditions
make acknowledgment of dependable and energy‐efficient BANs
a testing undertaking. Furthermore, the body shadowing, which
happens when the flag way between the sensor nodes implanted
and the transceiver is hindered, is likewise another testing issue
for BANs correspondence [15]. Energy utilization is the most basic
issue in BANs [16,17].
Optimal packet size for BANs is examined to increase the
energy [18]. Distinctive error control mechanisms including
Automatic Repeat Query (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC)
square codes, for example, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem
(BCH), RS, and FEC convolutional codes broke down. Hop‐length
expansion method with FEC square codes is connected. Major
separations can be addressed by the FEC square codes with the
hop‐length expansion method, since the procedure broadens the
broadcast extend for a similar communication power.
Figure 2 shows the results, in which three nodes are deployed
to screen electroencephalogram, movement, and circulation
of blood in the body. The mounted nodes pass on the obtained
information to focal passage node which is then checked by a
portable observing gadget, (for example, an advanced cell). As
the space between mobile node and central node is greater, so
by utilizing a FEC component, lengthier distances can be come
to with less mistakes; henceforth, longer packets are supported
for such situation. Then again, sensor nodes don’t utilize a FEC
component; consequently, smaller packages are utilized.
Remote health care monitoring shows such kind of a research
study. In this regard, the physical conditions of a man are
examined with implanted and mounted nodes, after which the
gathered parameters are transmitted through gateway via singlehop
transmission. At that point, this information flows through
a monitoring station by the access point. In this research, ideal
packet size along with energy efficiency are planned with various
plans for error controlling for in and on‐body planted nodes.
Simulations are done by considering diverse situations for
implanted and mounted propagating conditions. Statistical
assessments are done to demonstrate energy effectiveness
execution for the ARQ and FEC codes. Initially, effects of modulation
schemes, for example, on‐off keying (OOK) and BPSK on the BER
for on and in‐body systems are investigated due to the distance
between the gateway and body surface get extended. Line‐of‐sight
(LOS) and non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) divert modeling techniques
are utilized for reforms. Non‐line‐of‐sight displays more way
misfortune than LOS demonstrate, along these lines, bring down
hop‐length augmentations are supported by the NLOS models. It
has been observed that BPSK has the ability to broaden the hoplength
more as compare to OOK for a particular BER value and for
all NLOS and LOS direct models in both implanted and mounted
nodes. Moreover, packet size streamlining has the effects on the
energy proficiency for to control error, for example, ARQ and
convolutional code with Rc=1/2 are researched using various BER
esteems i.e. 10 to 3 and 10 to 5.
The energy efficiency is supposed to be greater whereas decay
dejects with the growth of packet payload for both implanted and
mounted systems. This is obvious that on‐body sensing systems
are influenced with variety of fading. Subsequently, ideal packet
payload lengths are gotten for both systems (in and on-body) as per
the distinctive BER standards. Outcomes demonstrated that packet
size is smaller for mounted sensing systems than the implanted
sensing systems in view fading impacts. Moreover, it is additionally
demonstrated, the ARQ conspire gives more vitality proficiency as
soon as payload length increases than the convolutional code with
Rc=1/2 for both systems (in and on-body). Furthermore, energy
proficiency becomes down as soon as the payload length increase
with FEC square codes, for both implanted and mounted systems.
It has been learnt from this research that FEC square codes offer
more energy efficacy as compare to other error control plans. In
the event where the payload of length k square code builds, the
ideal packet size and energy efficiency increases equally.
Medium access control (MAC) outlines are advanced to build
the vitality proficiency in IEEE 802.15.6 ultra‐wideband (UWB)
BANs. For accomplishing the objective, the likelihood of packets
recognition and effective gathering of the packets are reckoned in
two QoS manners: the default approach and high QoS approach,
of UWB. The default approach uses BCH (63, 51) code for FEC and
on‐off motioning for wide-ranging WBAN applications.
While, the other high QoS approach is utilized for greater
needs and health related facilities and exploits type II hybrid ARQ
with differential signaling. In the current research, the energy
production is displayed by consolidating vitality utilization
expenses of uplink and downlink channels and gathering
and communicating energies. The anticipated framework
demonstrates, IEEE 802.15.6 UWB physical layer Protocol Data
Unit (PPDU) is utilized. Physical layer convention information unit
comprises of 3 sections, i.e., physical layer benefit information
component, a physical layer header (PHR) and a synchronization
header (SHR). Packet identification and synchronization
information is given by SHR. Details are done keeping in view
end goal to discover the likelihood of fruitful packet recognition
(PSHR), the likelihood of effective gathering of PHR (PPHR), and
the likelihood of achievement of transferring of packets (PPPDU).
Hypothetical outcomes remain contrasted and the reproduced
effects for default approach and high QoS approach as per SNR
increments. Accordingly, it has been discovered, that the base
SNR esteems must be in range of 15.5 to 9.8 dB to make 99% of
packets progress likelihood (PPPDU) for vitality identification by
using the default approach and for autocorrelation with high QoS
approach, separately. Besides, vitality productivity is estimated for
different frame lengths and bit error probabilities Packet measure
advancement for a regular BANs [19-21] 7.3×10-2, 1.2×10-2, 8.8×10-3, 5.2×10-3, and 3.4×10-3 as the frame size get increased. Outcomes
demonstrated that ideal package size estimate increments as soon
as bit error probability reduces. For example, the ideal package
measure is about 300 octets when the bit error probability is
5.2×10-3 for default approach and becomes the 76 octets as the
bit error is 1.2×10-2. At long last, ideal frame size to boost vitality
effectiveness in IEEE 802.15.6 UWB BASNs is additionally found
by a shut shape articulation for the default approach.
An adaptable non-layered and solicitation‐oriented rolebased
engineering for WBANs has been displayed [22]. Different
situations, for example, health services, crisis case, game, and
battlefield are being noted as important area of applications for
WBAN. Observing developments of expecting mothers, individuals
with mental issues can be noted as cases of social insurance
situation. Moreover, continuous information exchange is vital for
crisis cases, for example, fire and disaster management events.
In this situation, BAN system can provide important information
as state, area, and damage of casualties and soldiers. Gaming
frameworks have been transformed by utilizing wearable sensors.
These days, players are more interfaced with games, a portion
of the amusements enable clients to regulate and control their
character with their own body parts with the help of wearable sensors. Gamer drives its control instructions to framework over
BAN. In the Battle filed situation, officer insurance is finished
by observing fighter’s crucial signs and sends that readied
information to medicinal individual via BAN.
In light of the perception that prerequisites of each BAN
application is not quite the same as the other, the proposed design
consists of 3 parts that are essential, particular parts, and specific
parts. Essential parts incorporate context‐aware data part, QoS
part, directing part, error‐free conveyance part, security and
fragmentation role and protection part. Then again, applications,
which are under a similar situation, share the particular parts and
the specific parts, independently. Part information of use is put
into the part headers and can be utilized by alternate applications.
In this way, different parts don’t should be embedded and the
system stack diminishes with the part determination. Moreover,
throughput proficiency of error control plans, for example, ARQ,
BCH (127, 20, 1), and convolutional code Rc=1/2, are assessed to
implement role‐based engineering.
Ideal package measures used for every one of these inaccuracy
control strategies are additionally establish to build the throughput
execution. Example of which is the ideal packet estimate, that
expands throughput effectiveness of 211 bits for ARQ plot with 10-3
BER. Assessments demonstrated that suggested design which is
role‐based beats conventional layered design as far as throughput
productivity is concerned. Moreover, the throughput productivity
execution of the anticipated role‐based design conspires and
additionally assessed with a similar error control plot in different
BER esteems (i.e., 0.001 and 0.00001) as the payload increases
its length. After validation it has been proven that throughput
effectiveness and the ideal payload length increment with the
diminishing of BER. Also, throughput proficiency with a smaller
length of payload, for example, 350-2000 bits are estimated as
the separation increments with a similar error control plans for
both implanted and mounted sensors networks by means of LOS
network model and attached body sensor systems by means of
NLOS network display.
Observation was made that the bigger loads gives more
throughput productivity (e.g., throughput increases to 12.8%
as the payload length reaches 2000 as compare to 350 bits).
Additionally, it has been demonstrated that proficiency of
throughput for the error control plans is great as the load estimate
increments. This is also experienced that FEC square codes joined
by means of hop‐length expansion procedure and BPSK regulation
accomplishes most elevated throughput by means of the ideal
packet size estimation.
The way out of keeping overcrowding issue in BANs is
displayed via indicating ideal package measure that limits
retransmission endeavors when fault circumstances occur [13].
In BANs, sensor hubs are implanted in body of human beings for
medicinal services or battle field uses. Crucial signs are gathered
from the body of human with the help of these implanted nodes
which are then sent to the base station In any case, high BERs
happen in BANs due to lossy connections, clamor, impedance,
and blurring. Moreover, congestion happens amid the crisis
circumstances when the system stack is high, that diminishes a
quality of a network and vitality proficiency which results in
expanded communication suspensions. Those issues are ought to
be tackled by means of taking care of the clog issue for productive
information transmission in a crisis circumstance. By way of
solution for those situations, impacts of shifting pack magnitudes
for the execution of BANs in various BERs are explored and
assessed by reproductions via considering package conveyance
proportion, deferral at each end, total retransmissions, overhead,
add up to package delivered, and got after some period.
Outcomes demonstrated that package transfer ratio weakens,
delay at both ends and the amount of retransmissions grows as
soon as elongated package measure are utilized in high BER
conditions due to conflict happening at high movement. Then
again, utilizing the packets of small size can result in immense
measure of overheads in low BER circumstances. The ideal packet
measure of 640bits is come to be good for such issues. To this end,
the execution of armed services and medicinal services, utilizing
BANs stands expanded in anticipating congestion.
In view of these current investigations, which are outlined,
and thought about in Tables 1 & 2, from BANs viewpoint, it has
been noted that ideal package measure altogether alterations
as indicated by BAN application prerequisites and furthermore
differs between the topology and the strategy. Hence, application
prerequisites (e.g. high throughput, high vitality effectiveness, or
little delay at both ends) need to be take care of before determining
ideal package measure. As per a brief outline, ideal package sizes
in light of prerequisites of particular WBAN applications are
presented in Table 3.
Key Undeveloped Research Problems
The greater part of this study is in the direction of deciding
perfect package measure in BANs for the vitality effectiveness,
low latency, and high throughput. Though, such investigations
confront numerous difficulties as a result of particular application
prerequisites and proliferation attributes of organization
situations. In forthcoming section, we feature these research
problems which are still open for researchers for deciding the
ideal package measure for BANs.
Service provisioning
QoS prerequisite for every BAN area differs application to
application. Subsequently, the packet size optimization strategy
must fulfill the particular application area necessities (e.g.
vitality efficiency, little delay). Although indicating ideal package
measure, remote network settings essentially well-thought-out to
create sensible arrangements. Besides, the ideal packet size can
be balanced by the type of traffic; this may be real and non-real
time. Real‐time packages require shorter delay, along these lines;
little packet size can be utilized. Then again, packet sizes of greater
length can be favored for non-real‐time and best effort packets.
Transmission power control
Power utilization is an essential issue because of restricted
battery for sensor nodes. Numerous investigations outline space
to decide ideal packet size to expand the energy effectiveness. The
wide are of works in literature utilize the little package measure
for diminishing communication control. In any case, if the
transmission is controlled by the network condition, the ultimate
package measure can be discovered precisely.
Cross‐layer design
Outline of a total cross‐layer come closer commencing the
physical layer to the application layer for optimization of packet
size in BAN which hasn’t been addressed in literature for various
BAN areas. For instance, different antenna models e.g. omnidirectional
or directional radio wires at physical layer or diverse
MAC conventions (e.g. TDMA, CSMA, and half and half) at the
connection layer be reflected to decide the ideal package measure.
Reliable communication
Error control is a basic problem in WBANs, as the quantity of
retransmission diminishes once the error free communication is
accomplished. In literature discussed earlier, some error control
components, for example, ARQ, FEC, and half and half strategies,
are applied to get the ideal packet size. But, the performance
measurement of these systems hasn’t been fully compared for
various WBAN applications to get the comparing ideal packet size.
Energy‐harvesting wbans
Energy Harvesting (EH) might improve execution of WBANs
by means of its own charging ability. Accessible vitality from
surroundings, for example energy from sun, thermal, magnetic
can be rummaged to control remote sensors. Though, current
package measure methods for WBANs can’t be straightforwardly
applicable to EH-BANs. This is on account of the existing vitality
that changes with time, rather than monotonically diminishing
in energy‐harvesting WBANs. To this end, ideal packet size
arrangements are required for energy‐harvesting WBANs to
adjust the trade‐off between energy utilization and QoS.
Conclusion
Packet measure is a vital constraint to expand the execution
of BANs. Several optimization methods are anticipated by the
specialists to enhance the system execution as far as the energy
effectiveness, throughput, and delay are concern (among other
execution measurements). These methodologies are grouped into
various scientific categorizations.
Meanwhile several of these suggest using the package of fixed
length or the dynamic package length, whereas others suggest
utilizing different package arrangements or optimization systems.
Optimization methods for package length are investigated in
terms of WBANs. We reviewed the latest optimization schemes for
package length to meet the necessities of particular application
area to decide the ultimate package length. At last, we expressed
the primary undeveloped research issues in the zone of package
length optimization for forthcoming studies.
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